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Abstract

We examined whether the recent emergence of influenza A(H3N2) subclade K, associated with an unusually early influenza season in the Northern hemisphere, was accompanied by a reduction in human population immunity. Using virus neutralisation assays on pre-epidemic human sera collected in May 2025, we found evidence of moderate antigenic drift. Further, vaccines used in the 2024/2025 season induced cross-neutralising immunity. These findings provide timely insight for interpreting recent influenza epidemiology and informing vaccine strain selection.

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