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Abstract

Native tissues are characterized by high cellular density and continuous reciprocal interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), yet recreating these features in vitro remains a major challenge. Current three-dimensional (3D) culture systems typically capture either dense cell-cell interactions or a defined ECM environment, but rarely both. Here, we introduce a strategy that exploits direct fibroblast-to-neuron reprogramming to decouple microenvironment formation from final cell identity. Human dermal fibroblasts were embedded in collagen microgels, where their intrinsic matrix-remodeling capacity drove rapid ECM compaction. Concurrently, the contractile fibroblasts were converted into induced neurons (iN), generating densely packed neuronal microcultures within a remodeled collagen matrix. This approach transforms a defining function of the starting cell type into a mechanism for engineering the microenvironment of the target cell type. The resulting iN-microgels combine high cell density, defined ECM composition, and tunable biophysical properties in a scalable microscale format. By coupling matrix remodeling with cell-fate conversion, our platform establishes a general framework for engineering tissue-like microenvironments and reveals how dynamic 3D extracellular contexts can be integrated into direct cell reprogramming.

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